Macroeconomics (credit card impact) Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Macroeconomics (credit card impact) - Coursework Example Going by this definition of money, it is evident that credit cards do not qualify as money. However, credit cards are still a common mode of purchase among the citizens because of three main reasons. Credit cards offer a simplified method of purchase for consumers, since they do not have to carry hard cash (Zandi and Singh, 2010). The second reason is that credit cards offer a quick method out of emergencies, since individuals do not have to travel long distances to find cash (Zandi and Singh, 2010). The credit cards benefits that come along with the use of the card is also an advantage, since most credit facilities expect an interest charge, so they offer incentives (Zandi and Singh, 2010). According to Debt Resources (2012), the main impact of credit cards on the economy is the increase in debts in the economy, since many people accrue interest payments that they cannot afford to pay. Many of the debts that are accrued to credit cards end up being written off as bad debts, which reduces the credit history of most consumers in the market. This reduces the spending power of consumers, since they have to allocate their earnings to paying off debts, which in turn reduces the economic growth of a

Observational Learning Essay Example for Free

Observational Learning Essay During this course we studied that behaviors can be learned through our own experiences or observing others. Learning is the knowledge obtained in life through education, interacting with people, experiences and practice. There are three types of learning: Classical Conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning. There are many topics that grabbed my interest during this course, but observational learning made me think about my personal life and reminded me of many experiences that I went through in life. Observational learning means that we learn through watching others and then imitating them, this can happen through observing our family, neighbors, friends or TV. I remember when I was a child, I used to watch my mother cooking and then I go back to my room and pretend that am cooking as well. Even though, I grew up and became a very bad cooker. Albert Bandura suggested in his theory The social learning theory that children tend to imitated adults by observing them. He supported his theory in his famous experiment Bobo doll, which shows an adult acting aggressively toward a Bobo doll, and after that when they allowed the children to play with the doll they acted in the same aggressive way. I remember last year I was with my aunt and her 7 years old son in the car going to a restaurant. My aunt is a smoker, so she took out a cigarette and started smoking. After sometimes, her son told her: When I grow up I will smoke cigarettes, she told him: No, you are not allowed to smoke its bad for health, he replayed: But you smoke, I want to be cool like you and when we reached to the restaurant, her son took a straw and started acting as if he is smoking. In addition, Banduaras study showed that people also learn through imitating others who receive punishments and rewards. It means that when a child sees his older siblings getting punished for doing something wrong, the child is more likely to avoid doing it so he/she wont get punished. On the other hand, if a child noticed that one of his siblings are rewarded for behaving in a certain way or doing something good, the child will do the same to get a reward. When I was 9 years old, my parents bought a new toy for my older brother because he got a full mark on one of his subjects at school, I was very jealous that day and decided to study hard to get a full mark so my parents can get me a gift. Learning can be either positive or negative. Positive observational learning is when a person learn a good behavior from someone. When I was young, every time we go to a mall there were these small charity cabinets were you can donate money. I used to see my mother donating money like every time we go to a mall, and now I do the same thing. In contrast, negative observational learning is when a person learn a bad behavior from someone else. It is true that people can learn negative behavior from their siblings, family, friends or neighbors, however; I believe that TV and media content is more dangerous and have more powerful impact on people. For example, my small cousin began to act violently since he started watching WWE (a wrestling show) and he even memorized all the wrestle moves. Everyone in the family and school is complaining that he beats other children so hard. For him, he finds it cool and believe that in this way more people will like him as they like these wrestlers. Finally, I believe that observational learning is an effective way. Children have the right to explore their own world and determine the wrong action from the right one. Of course, parents should act in a proper way in front of their children and be careful of what they are watching, and advice them to do the right thing when the make a mistake.

Abortion Essay -- essays research papers fc

â€Å"Abortion stops a beating heart†¦Ã¢â‚¬  vs. â€Å"Western philosophy’s idea of the autonomous self: the pregnant woman is in fact both a person in her body and a vessel. Rather than seeing both beings as alive and interdependent—seeing life within life—and acknowledging that sometimes, nonetheless, the woman must choose her life over the fetus’s†¦Ã¢â‚¬ .   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Few issues have fostered such controversy as the topic of abortion. The participants in the abortion debate not only have firmly-fixed beliefs, but each group has a self-designated appellation that clearly reflects what they believe to be the essential issues. On one side, the pro-choice supporters see individual choice as central to the debate: If a woman cannot choose to terminate an unwanted pregnancy, a condition which affects her body and possibly her entire life, then she has lost one of her most basic human rights. These proponents of abortion believe that while a fetus is a potential life, its life cannot be placed on the same level with that of a woman. On the other side, the pro-life opponents of abortion argue that the fetus is human and therefore given the same human rights as the mother. Stated simply, they believe that when a society legalizes abortion, it is sanctioning murder.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pro-life activists would argue that the taking of a human life is wrong no matter what the circumstances or in which trimester it is done. The controversy over abortion has avoided the real issue facing today’s woman-her need to grow beyond stereotypes. Much emphasis is placed on pregnancy as a result of rape, even thought the statistics show only about 0.1% of all rapes actually result in conception. That means that a large majority of pregnancies that resulted in abortion were the result of free choice. The assumption is that a woman does not have control over her own body until after a male partner is finished with it. Only then does she here talk of â€Å"rights.† The term â€Å"pro-choice† evokes their sense of fairness, but what is really being considered is the killing of an innocent human life. Women are abandoning the abortion mentality because it weakens their greatest strength-creation. They are looking at responsibilities as well a s rights, choosing instead of reacting.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pro-choice supporters argue that abortion should be viewed as a sometim... ... can say they will support whatever decision we want to make, but as selfish as this may sound, the bottom line is we are women faced with a decision that is all our own. â€Å"They (abortion opponents) talk like we make this decision so cavalierly. Yeah, right. Like they need to make us feel guilt. Like there isn’t plenty of that already.† Bibliography 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Abortion Beliefs That Are Neither Pro-Choice Nor Pro-Life†. Via the Internet: www.religioustolerance.org/abo_argu.html 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Abortion Facts You Should Know†. Via the Internet: www.adoptionwishes.com/abortionfacts.html 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Alstad, Diana & Kramer, Joel. â€Å"Abortion As A Moral Act†. Via the Internet: www.rit.org/editorials/abortion/morality.html 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Howley, Kathleen. â€Å"When Men Support Choice†. Via the Internet: www.prolifeinfo.org/howley.html 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"RU486: A Psychological Nightmare for Women†. Headline News. The Washington Post. October 15, 2000. 6. Wolf, Naomi.†Rethinking Pro-Choice Rhetoric. Our Bodies, Our Souls†. The New Republic. October 1995.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Abortion Essay -- essays research papers fc â€Å"Abortion stops a beating heart†¦Ã¢â‚¬  vs. â€Å"Western philosophy’s idea of the autonomous self: the pregnant woman is in fact both a person in her body and a vessel. Rather than seeing both beings as alive and interdependent—seeing life within life—and acknowledging that sometimes, nonetheless, the woman must choose her life over the fetus’s†¦Ã¢â‚¬ .   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Few issues have fostered such controversy as the topic of abortion. The participants in the abortion debate not only have firmly-fixed beliefs, but each group has a self-designated appellation that clearly reflects what they believe to be the essential issues. On one side, the pro-choice supporters see individual choice as central to the debate: If a woman cannot choose to terminate an unwanted pregnancy, a condition which affects her body and possibly her entire life, then she has lost one of her most basic human rights. These proponents of abortion believe that while a fetus is a potential life, its life cannot be placed on the same level with that of a woman. On the other side, the pro-life opponents of abortion argue that the fetus is human and therefore given the same human rights as the mother. Stated simply, they believe that when a society legalizes abortion, it is sanctioning murder.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pro-life activists would argue that the taking of a human life is wrong no matter what the circumstances or in which trimester it is done. The controversy over abortion has avoided the real issue facing today’s woman-her need to grow beyond stereotypes. Much emphasis is placed on pregnancy as a result of rape, even thought the statistics show only about 0.1% of all rapes actually result in conception. That means that a large majority of pregnancies that resulted in abortion were the result of free choice. The assumption is that a woman does not have control over her own body until after a male partner is finished with it. Only then does she here talk of â€Å"rights.† The term â€Å"pro-choice† evokes their sense of fairness, but what is really being considered is the killing of an innocent human life. Women are abandoning the abortion mentality because it weakens their greatest strength-creation. They are looking at responsibilities as well a s rights, choosing instead of reacting.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pro-choice supporters argue that abortion should be viewed as a sometim... ... can say they will support whatever decision we want to make, but as selfish as this may sound, the bottom line is we are women faced with a decision that is all our own. â€Å"They (abortion opponents) talk like we make this decision so cavalierly. Yeah, right. Like they need to make us feel guilt. Like there isn’t plenty of that already.† Bibliography 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Abortion Beliefs That Are Neither Pro-Choice Nor Pro-Life†. Via the Internet: www.religioustolerance.org/abo_argu.html 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Abortion Facts You Should Know†. Via the Internet: www.adoptionwishes.com/abortionfacts.html 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Alstad, Diana & Kramer, Joel. â€Å"Abortion As A Moral Act†. Via the Internet: www.rit.org/editorials/abortion/morality.html 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Howley, Kathleen. â€Å"When Men Support Choice†. Via the Internet: www.prolifeinfo.org/howley.html 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"RU486: A Psychological Nightmare for Women†. Headline News. The Washington Post. October 15, 2000. 6. Wolf, Naomi.†Rethinking Pro-Choice Rhetoric. Our Bodies, Our Souls†. The New Republic. October 1995.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Issues Responsible for Failure of Doha Talks and Possible Solutions.

Title: Issues responsible for failure of Doha talks and possible solutions. Name: Course: Sunderland ID: EThames Students ID: Intake: Introduction: Current Doha round has been one of the most eventful round but its irony that members couldn’t reach to condenses. This research paper concentrates on reasons that caused friction among the nations and possible solutions that can be used to resolve these issues or reasons. Agricultural issues and industrial goods market issues, talks has been suspended without any further notice of next round. At the end all the hard work after years of negotiation wasn’t successful ad differences among the participating nations proved insurmountable. Pascal Lamy, the Director General of the WTO, tried really hard for the success of these talks but all the sides didn’t show the flexibility that was required for the success of these talks. Failure of Doha round talks also highlight the lack of global leadership at least in some quarters, and this fact is pretty difficult to perceive and there are various reasons for that. Only bright thing emerged from this summit is the talk only need one final push as finishing line is insight. Lot has been already achieved but critical issues need consensus. Success to these talks can bring much needed global stimulus for global economy of hundreds of billions of dollars annually. Both developed and developing countries can gain something out of it, in fact it is a great opportunity for developed nations to address complaints of developing nations where they feel that economic linearization is highly tilted in favor of developed nations. But failure of these talks can bring some serious consequences; it will seriously damage the reputation of WTO and more importantly multilateralism for which everyone is working hard for will be damaged permanently. Most of the representatives were worried about what could be perceived from their stance i. e. compromising on their stance might appear as compromising on national interest. (Deardorff, 2008) Reasons for failure of Doha round: Failure of Doha round talks have put temporary pause on further negotiations, this is not the first time that talks has been failed and further discussion has been suspended. This has happened before also ministerial talks in Seattle in 1997 and in Cancun in 2003 also have met the dead end though there were different reasons and different out come for each of the failure. Exception in case of Doha round is for the first time talks has been suspended officially. Official announcement of suspension of talks came after 14 hour long last meeting for overcoming farm subsidies and tariff cut of G6 members yielded no result. Members of G6 group came together to come to consensus on support for domestic farms, agricultural market access and non agricultural market access were the core points of the discussion. Agricultural issues and Outcome of G6 meeting: Pascal Lamy, the Director General of the WTO called this meeting as a last attempt for consensus. This meeting had ministers from India, Japan, Australia, Brazil, unites states and 25 members from European Union. Main aim of this meeting was to reduce or remove hurdles in the way of free trade in the agricultural sector and goods manufacturing. There were many other factors that were needed to be addressed but entire discussion revolved round these issues. Each side remained firm on it stance and more emphasis was put on precondition before further negations. (Bhagwati & Sutherland, 2011) It was necessary for all the participating nations to meet the deadlines and to achieve that it was necessary to agree on figures and formulae for the tariff cut and subsidy cut in context of industrial goods and agriculture modalities but talk couldn’t move forward in positive direction because irreconcilable differences between participating ministers representing their nations. Failure in the talks was more unfortunate on the background of fresh hopes which were raised in G8 meeting of worlds most powerful and industry oriented nations. Then president of United States and European commission president assured flexibility. Even heads of developing countries like India and Brazil participating in G8 meeting showed their interest in pushing for the breakthrough. (Bhagwati & Sutherland, 2011) G6 minister headed for Geneva after St. Petersburg meeting where they were prepared to transform their promises of flexibility into concrete deals. Pascal Lamy, the Director General of the WTO convinced these nations to discuss these issues. Lamy was pushing for USA to reduce domestic farm support and European Union for increasing access for domestic agricultural market and at the same time developing nations like India and Brazil will be convince for reducing their industrial tariffs. Problem here was each group was expecting other group to give in first. In these triangle of issues main hurdle in the talks were issues in agricultural sector which has been mentioned above. The third issue of convincing of India and Brazil for reducing their industrial tariffs didn’t even make it to the discussion because there wasn’t any result from the discussion of first two issues. In the negotiations USA and European Union were expected to cut the subsidy they were providing to domestic farms at the same time developed nations were expecting India and Brazil, to open their domestic market for agriculture and agricultural goods. Negotiations had the first jolt when far from removing subsidy to agricultural sector USA proposed to increase it. With this development Lamy realized that there wont be any consensus and gap was widening and thus before situation deteriorates any further he suspended the talks. He didn’t give any indications when next round of negotiation will begin he hinted that instead of deadlocking on same issues again participating countries should carry out their respective work internally regarding these issues and then participate in the discussion. (Chimni, Chantal, Thomas & Trachtman, 2009) Major reasons From above information it is pretty clear that agricultural issues are the main reason for breaking down of talk. Members had heated discussion on this issue and USA offered to cut farm subsidies which proved trade distorting by 53% that is USA proposed to slash the subsidy amount from $48. 2 billion to $22. 5 billion but issue here was this amount of $22. 5 billion was much higher than their last year subsidy, which was $19. 7 billion thus by proposing slash of 53% they were indirectly trying to increase the subsidy on their agricultural sector where all the nations were gathered together to discuss subsidy cut on the agricultural sector by developed nations. This offer from United States didn’t satisfy any of the G6 members as well as any of the diplomatic delegations from other nations. (Bhagwati & Sutherland, 2011) To add to it in the exchange United States expected tariff cut from European nations up to 66% where European Union offered 51% increasing from original proposed position of 39% this offer of 51% was quite close to demand of developing nations where they expected tariff cut from European nations up to 51%. But on the contrary USA stated that European nations only were willing for 48% of tariff cut and they were expecting at least of 54%. Both India and Brazil appreciated this movement from European Nations their representatives also suggested that it was approach from united status which blocked the progress of talk and that resulted in suspension of the talks. Other reasons behind failure of talks: Some issues other than agricultural issues also played their part in the failure of the talks in Doha round. The president’s administration in USA was under severe pressure from congress and it had to give in because of pressure of protecting domestic interests. Delegates from Special interest groups such as National Association of Manufacturers and American Farm Bureau from United States were present at the summit they monitored as well as instructed representatives of United States. Pressure applied by these groups reduced space of negotiation for United States delegation. There was deep rooted North South tension it combined with many other adverse factors to undermine success of the talks. (Chimni, Chantal, Thomas & Trachtman, 2009) Many scholars and commentator stated that current situation in major negotiating parties like United States, India and European Union wasn’t quite in the favor of trade concessions; political leadership everywhere was not willing to concede much. Key elections were due in United Status and it was expected that administration won’t go for any risky compromise on their position which might appear as compromise on national interest. To add fuel to the fire economic crisis emerged from Wall Street had huge repercussions and it got converted in global slow down. (Deardorff, 2008) There were oppositions for European Union offer of 51% tariff cut from European nations from European Union according to French president Nicolas Sarcozy 51% tariff cut would result in destruction of European agriculture and would reduce more than 100000 jobs. Absence of fast track authority (trade promotion authority) also didn’t go to well with other delegations. Without passing of trade promotion authority it wouldn’t have been possible to get passing of congress even if participating nations would have managed to reach some kind of consensus. After effects of talk failure: India, Brazil, Japan, Australia, USA and European were involved in 14 hours long meeting to make consensus but unfortunately the meeting ended without any results on lowering tariff and slashing farm subsidies. This failure in talks gave birth to inhibited blame game in the participating countries. EU Trade Commissioner Peter Mandelson said that â€Å"What they’re saying is that for every dollar that they strip out of their trade-distorting farm subsidies, they want to be given a dollar’s worth of market access in developing country markets. That is not acceptable to developing countries and it’s a principle that I, on Europe’s behalf, certainly couldn’t sign up to either. This is not my definition of leadership† In reply to this statement from EU Trade Commissioner, Susan Schwab from USTR alleged that statement by the EU alleging that the US failed to show flexibility and attempting to divert the blame for the stalemate is false and misleading. The countries that have tended to be finger-pointing at this point are the ones that are reluctant to act in terms of market access. We are deeply disappointed that the EU failed to exhibit similar restraint and hope this will not jeopardize the few chances we have left to save the Doha round. † EU and US kept pointing fingers at each other after suspension of Doha round each party blaming other party for failure of Doha round. As usual India also blamed developed nations for not removing subsidies those were proved a trade distorting. India’s industry and commerce minister Kamal Nath said that â€Å"It is best we tell the world that the talks have failed, and the negotiating process is suspended. Now, there is no roadmap for the future,† according to him United State’s approach of refusing to cut subsidy regarding agricultural sector has been solely responsible for failure of talks at Doha summit. European Union also openly blamed Unites status for suspension of negotiation. EU Trade Commissioner Peter Mandelson stated that it was disappointing to see lack of flexibility in USA’s approach after promising the same in G8 summit. To take the blame game further US officials blamed other trading partners for failure of process to bridge the differences on other important issues such as import duties on tariff related to agricultural sector. US officials further alleged that they were prepared to remove subsidies related to agricultural sector those were proved a trade distorting but they could not do so because India and European Union did not present any substantial proposal on global agricultural market access. Pascal Lamy, the Director General of the WTO preferred to stay away from the blame game; he was more intended on how to resume talks. Lamy urged all the participating nations to avoid megaphone diplomacy and do some introspection in order to avoid such situation in the future. Lamy also requested all participating nations to think positively to arrive at any acceptable solution. Chances of resolving the differences: Doha round has been disappointing and talks has been moved to deep freezing state since then. There is very little positivity around these talks very few people are still in belief of revival, though Brazil and United States have promised to work hard in positive direction for revival f the talks chances are looking really thin about it. Most experts believed that there are little hopes for revival of talks ahead of Doha round. Breakdown at that juncture meant that there is very little hope for revival of talk before end of presidency tenure of then president of United States. As mentioned above, fast track authority or trade promotion authority thinks that congress must show green or red signal otherwise opponent might take advantage of such situation. Political climate in United States during that time was not very conducive for any compromise because of mid term elections current trade deficit in US economy also played negative role extension of fast track authority and even if it would have happened, in case of opposition win in the election would lead to weakening of fast track authority. Hoekman, 2003) It is believed that France who is strongly opposing for 51% tariff cut in agricultural sector has forced Lamy to suspend the talks indefinitely. In fact many say that France made it sure that talks get suspended that if discussion is highly concentrated on agricultural issues. Wall street journal quotes French agricultural minister saying that â€Å"I would prefer the negotiations fail rather than raise questions about agriculture†. Because of t his situation promises by USA and Brazil of reviving talks appear unrealistic. Successful round and preconditions: Political capitals should be mobilized in order to have any hope for success in breaking the deadlock this has to be done domestically as well as internationally. This will require monumental leadership globally. With new president United State certainly has position to do this. Morally also United State has to take responsibility because they are the most influential and powerful nation in the world to add to it they are responsible for current economic crisis. Other major trading nations like Canada, Japan and European nations also should join United States in these initiatives of bold economic reforms and liberalization. Meaning of economic liberalization itself is to save public money and removing of wasteful economic programs. It is true that current financial status of United Status might complicate things for that country still United States can afford to act little proactively. Road ahead: There is growing concern about global economic recession and it’s after effects and because of mounting fear world leaders are requesting businesses to consult their respective governments, to think successful solution regarding failure of talks in Doha because if that doesn’t happen there is constant risk of developing other barriers in world trade. Peter Mandelson feels that it better to act quickly and it consensus are not reached immediately, chances are pretty slim that it will be done in future. Trade talks were working on stop start basis from last six years but after Doha talks are on halt. A constructive seminar was held at Davos where subject was â€Å"Threats to the Global Trading System† some progress was registered on some technical issues in this summit but no party still is close enough for any sort of formal agreement because of high degree of skepticism. Developing countries are concerned about interests of their farmers; they feel that lowering the tariff might expose farmers especially poor farmers to global competition for which they might not be prepared for, and this situation will have its adverse effects on growth and will result in slowdown of entire economy. Minister of Commerce and Industry of India Kamal Nath insisted that India, Africa and Asia pacific are the most productive markets for developed nations and if they want to take advantage of these markets it has to be made sure that India, Africa and Asia pacific have healthy economy. Deardorff, 2008) At the same time financial scholars feel that cost of failure of Doha talks is already taking its toll on participating nations and if solution is not obtained in near future most of the countries might opt for protectionism and this will be bad news for free trade as it will be the roll back what ever progress that has bee made in the direction of free global trade. Pascal Lamy, the Director General of the WTO has mentioned his concern may time according to him effects of global economic slow down might be having their exaggerated side effects on global economy due to Doha failure. Minister of foreign affairs in Brazil Celso Amorim is also worried about current situation he feels that though all the negotiating parties are adamant on their position they all have to face the consequences in near future for their stance. (Das, 2009) Because of increasing delay companies are loosing their faith in negotiators and voters though they have lot more o gain from what ever negotiations carried out at Doha though lot more still left to be achieved and because of this companies and powerful and influential corporate houses all over the world should consider the fact that stalling of talks will result in loss of opportunities for them thus as mentioned above they should use their might to convince their respective government and if they succeed to do so, it will be a terrific achievement. Conclusion: The longest trade round ever was held in Doha. It could have been termed as constitutional moment for trading systems across the world. Structure of trade between the member nations is largely dependent on future of Doha talks how it ends and what shape does it take. Having said this, this round will exist without any positive response or developmental challenges. For Doha to succeed and for better future for WTO in the context of its credibility it is important that focus of the talks shifts from mere commercial bargain that is controlled by major negotiating parties to a process of public interests who’s success will be beneficial for all. Commercial bargains of the member nations of WTO have been primarily responsible for jeopardizing of the talks. Although some members think for alternative way for controversial points they won’t be as productive as successful Doha round nor do they will be able to survey larger public good. For dispassionate involvement in the negotiations highlights lack of leadership from USA. It is responsibility of trading partners of United States be its developing or developed nation to prevent that nation from becoming a stumbling block in the talks. At the end of the day it must be remembered that world in which every one has enough food to eat and good enough work to do; only such world can derive peace and security for global citizens which can be provided by successful trade. References: Deardorff, A. , 2008 â€Å"International Provision of Trade Services, Trade and Fragmentation. † Review of International Economics, Vol 9 No. 2. pp. 233-48. The Economist, 2003 â€Å"The WTO Under Fire. † September 18 Available on the Internet at http://www. economist. com. /PrinterFriendly. cfm? Story_ID=2071855 Hoekman, B. 2003. Cancun: Crisis or Catharsis†. Paper presented at the joint roundtable of the Brookings Institution and George Washington University held on 20 September, in Washington DC. Pr Jagdish Bhagwati and Peter Sutherland KCMG, (January 2011) THE DOHA ROUND: SETTING A DEADLINE, DEFINING A FINAL DEAL Interim report B. S. Chimni, Chantal Thomas & Joel P. Trachtman eds. , (2009 ) Some Reflections on the Idea of Free Trade and Doha Round Trade Negotiations, in DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN THE WTO LEGAL SYSTEM 21, at 27–28 A key year ahead for Doha trade talks, available at: http://www. weforum. rg/node/65945 Accessed on: 9-7-11 DAS, supra note 151, at 105. There is also a collective benefit from trade liberalization: developing countries should open their markets among one another to fully achieve â€Å"export-market diversification. † Id. at 106. Dilip K. Das. 2009a. ,Financial Globalization and the Emerging Market Economies. Routledge, London and New York. 2009. Lamy, P. , 2003 â€Å"Can the Doha Development Agenda Live up to its Name? † Available on the Internet at http://europa. eu. int/comm/commissioners/lamy/speeches_articles/spla188_en. htm September 10, 2008

Case16 Alarm Ringing: Nokia in 2010

Strategic Management Case Analysis Firm Analysis Roy L. Simerly Department of Management 3106 Bate East Carolina University Greenville, NC 27858-4353 (252) 328-6632 (Work) (252) 328-4094 (Fax) [email  protected] ecu. edu Strategic Management Case Analysis Firm Analysis Abstract This is the second part of a two part series dealing with the complexities of case analysis in Strategic Management courses. One of the primary function of Strategic Management is to serve as a cap-stone course integrating the material students have accumulated throughout their course of study within a business school.There is a need for instruments that will provide the necessary integration and opportunity for application of acquired knowledge. There is also the reality that students do not remember all that they should from previous courses. Equally important is the necessity to impart the basics of Strategic Management as a discipline in its own right. It is the theoretical foundation of Strategic Manage ment that provides the rational for the integration. The purpose of this article is to provide an outline for analysis of a firm. I use this method at both the undergraduate and graduate levels.The only difference is that graduate students are expected to show more sophistication in their presentations. Strategic Management Case Analysis Firm Analysis This is the second of a two part series dealing with one approach to case analysis in Strategic Management classes. This paper takes the view that Strategic Management is a cap-stone course intended to integrate the material students have accumulated throughout their course of study within a business school. Strategic Management is, in fact, the only course that has as its stated purpose the integration and application of key management concepts.Normally, students are expected to have a working knowledge of the primary business management disciplines of accounting, economics, finance, marketing, and operations, when entering the course . When instructors present case analysis, it is usually as a three-step process progressing from economic, to industry, and finally, to company analysis. In doing so they face the challenge of creating a classroom experience that enables students to conceptualize the framework as an integrated whole. The challenges for the instructor are interesting to say the least.First, there is the need for the instructor to understand the intent of each of the primary business management disciplines, as well as what the student can be expected to accomplish. Second, there is the need for instruments that will provide the necessary integration and opportunity for application of acquired knowledge. Third, there is the reality that students do not always remember all that they should. This leaves a great deal to be accomplished within one semester. An equally important challenge is the necessity to impart the basics of Strategic Management as a discipline in its own right.It is the theoretical fou ndation of Strategic Management that provides the rational for the integration. More importantly, the students needs an understanding of ‘when’ to use ‘what’ techniques in the business world. Given these challenges, I use – among other classroom techniques – case analysis. Students are required to provide analysis and discussion for a number of short cases throughout the semester. All are taken from current publications such as, Business Week, Fortune, Forbes and The Economist. I find that text book cases do not provide the currency necessary.These cases are used to demonstrate the text theory under discussion, and to show the relevance of specific elements of the major written cases. I require two major written cases. The first is an analysis of an industry, and the second is an analysis of a firm within that industry. Both are essential to achieve the learning objectives for the course. The learning objective for the course is: to understand how the top manager (CEO) is responsible for ensuring the long term survival of the firm within its competitive environment.The learning objective for the written case analyses is: to arrive at a point where they can develop a sound business plan to ensure the survival of their chosen firm within its competitive environment. Also, to appreciate the complexities of collecting and understanding the relevance of the vast amount of information available. The learning objective for the industry analysis is: to determine the opportunities and threats that exist for firms within a competitive environment. They should be able to appreciate how the various forces operating in an industry create or limit the chances for survival.The learning objective for the firm analysis is: to determine the strengths and weaknesses of a firm; and, to determine the core competence that can be built on to establish a competitive advantage. The final step is to develop a business plan that will align the cap abilities of the firm with the requirements of the competitive environment. Students are required to work in teams to complete the two major case write-ups. They will later make a presentation of their findings. I require teams because the most difficult part of management is the management of human resources.By setting specific guidelines for students I make their grade contingent on their management abilities as well as their ability to complete the projects. Team size is limited to 3 or 4 members. They are free to choose their firm and its industry. I strongly suggest that they select a firm that has a production function. This makes it easier to see the four organizational functions being integrated. I also encourage them to select an industry that would be suitable for employment based on their particular interests, and primary area of concentration.For example, accounting majors are encouraged to examine an accounting firm. Finance majors are pointed toward the banking industr y. In the end, the students make choices based on group consensus and personal interests. However, a mixture of majors can be an advantage when working on the papers. The possible collaboration and integration of different perspectives is one advantage; another is the opportunity to work on a part of the papers that is relevant to their discipline. How firm’s performance is defined is left to the student. I must approve all choices prior to the student beginning work.In this way, I am sure that the projects are do-able. No two groups are allowed to do the same firm within the same class, but they can do different firms within the same industry. There are no ‘easy’ industries or firms. Each has its own challenges. A significant amount of time is spent covering analysis techniques, and the resources available, prior to the students starting on the projects. They are also encouraged to divide the work up into specific areas. For example, for the firm paper: do the f our functional areas first, then do the introduction and conclusion.This gives a reasonable balance to the work load. One common complaint about this approach to case writing is that a student working on one section of the paper will not learn about the other sections of the paper. Every approach to case writing has a limitation, but I think that this one is manageable. First, the intent is not to teach students about one particular industry. It is to teach them the relevance, and the techniques, of industry and firm analysis. Stressing this point early on is very important. It is important to note that I do not give the students too many specific directions.I want them to do their own research and make discoveries along the way. There is no one right answer. Correctness – if such exists – is a product of the logic used in the analysis. For example, two measures of economies of scale are required. It does not matter which measures are used, what matters is that the stu dent reasons through the problem and finds a means of justifying a position. If I give too much detail it limits the imagination of the student and prevents discoveries that could be significant. To help get the students oriented, I do provide complete ‘sample’ papers from a previous class.I am careful to ensure that the sample papers are on an industry and firm not currently being done. I do not have to worry about copying, or other forms of cheating. The papers must be up-to-date, which means significant recent citations in the bibliography. Additionally, I do provide the students with the opportunity of sending in parts of the project as they write. I then provide feedback to prevent them going off on tangents and wasting valuable time. Most students find this method beneficial as they work. I find the quality of the papers improves dramatically over the course of the semester.It is critical to stress that this is a business report, and not an English paper. Each pap er will take on significant proportions (30 to 50 pages) if just the required work is done. If focus is not maintained, the size becomes unmanageable. Assumptions and common knowledge are not accepted. Everything has to be proven in some manner, if just by an interview with a business person. Quantitative and qualitative analysis are required. I give a number of examples in class of how wrong ‘common knowledge’ can be. The firm paper analysis that follows has been adapted from the work of Wheelen & Hunger (2000)[1].Their model for the evaluation of firms has been evolving for over a decade, and represents one of the more concise approaches to firm analysis. This approach is compatible with a number of Strategic Management text and can easily be adapted to most situations. In addition, my own experiences in the business world have been incorporated. In what follows, I cover in some detail the outline for the firm paper. This outline is given to the students in its entire ty. FIRM PAPER OUTLINE This outline is only a guide. Each firm is unique, and you are responsible for adapting your paper to fit the circumstance.Form is important, but must not replace reason. Learning Objective: to determine the strengths and weaknesses of a firm; and, to determine the core competence that can be built on to establish a competitive advantage. Method: Firm analysis and the development of an abbreviated business plan to ensure long term survival within the competitive environment. Compare your firm to a better performing firm within the same industry, or to the industry trends that you created in the industry paper. Maintain your focus on the questions being asked. Provide conclusions for each section and sub-section.A decision matrix should be provided at the end of each section, and an overall matrix provided in the conclusion section. Where quantitative analysis is required, provide numbers expressed as ratios. Use five years of data to establish trends. Where qu alitative analysis is required, provide citations to support your arguments. Assumptions and common knowledge are not accepted. Continuity: I do read these papers! Be sure that if you make a declarative statement in one section, you do not contradict yourself in another. While it is a team project, I read it as the work of one person. Integrate the paper.Please number pages, and use section headings and sub-headings. Help is just a mouse-click away! I strongly encourage you to show me your work as you progress. I can, and will, save you hours of frustration if you will show me what you are doing. I. Current Situation A. Brief firm history. What industries and industry segments is your firm involved in, and what will be the focus of the paper? You can not do all of the industries or segments in one semester. Make a rational choice that aligns the firm paper with the industry paper. Provide a statement of the current position or situation of your firm within the industry (i. e. how go es it). How diversified is this firm? Related or unrelated (you may discuss this wherever you think most appropriate)? B. Strategic Posture. 1. What is the current mission? Did you have to deduce it, or was it stated. Is there a clear point B (an objective that we can quantify)? You should be concerned with both the quality of the mission statement, and its appropriateness for the competitive environment. You will be able to address this issue after you complete the firm analysis. 2. What is the current (Porter’s generic) strategy? Since you are only doing one segment, you are concerned with business-level strategy only.Is this strategy consistent with the mission, appropriate for the environmental context, being followed by management? Again, this is best answered after the analysis is complete. II. External Environment (Opportunities and Threats. ) This section is a restatement of some of your industry paper work. You restate your findings with respect to this specific firm . A. Socio-cultural. What general environmental factors among the socio-cultural, economic, political-legal, and technological forces are currently affecting both the firm and the industry in which it competes?Which present, current, or future threats or opportunities are important to your firm? B. Task Environment. Which of the five forces (Porter’s) in the immediate environment are currently affecting the level of competitive intensity within the industry? Which present current or future threats or opportunities important to your firm? III. Internal Environment (Strengths and Weaknesses) The only way to know if your firm is doing well is through comparison. Therefore, almost all of the elements that follow require the analysis of your firm and then a comparison to a better performing firm, or to industry standards.A. Management. The objective of the management function is to ensure the long-term survival of the firm within its competitive environment. Begin with your assess ment of how management has addressed this objective. 1. Board of Directors. The objective of the board is to provide oversight of the firm. Based on your observations is this board appropriate for the competitive environment of this organization? a. What is the board size and composition (averages for all firms is 74% external, with 14 members total). b. What are their skills? Do you have the four functional areas covered? c.Do they own a significant percentage of stock? Here you are testing elements of agency theory. d. What is their level of involvement in the oversight of the corporation? That is, what committees are they on? How often do they meet? 2. Top Management (usually only the CEO). The objective of management is to ensure the survival of the organization within its environment. Is management achieving that objective? a. What are top management's chief characteristics in terms of knowledge, skills, background, and management style? Is top management sufficiently skilled t o cope with likely future challenges?Has it established a systematic approach to the formulation, implementation, evaluation and control of strategic management? Is there a vision, clearly articulated, guiding corporate activities (i. e. , does this manager know where the organization is headed)? What is the degree of stock ownership, and is it appropriate? b. Organizational Structure. What is the present structure? Discuss decision making authority, degree of autonomy, team building, empowerment, etc. Is the structure appropriate for the competitive environment and consistent with the current strategy and mission? c. Culture.Is there a well defined or emerging culture composed of shared beliefs, expectations, and values? Is the culture a source of support or hindrance to achieving the mission/strategy of the corporation? B. Marketing The objective of the marketing function is to maximize market share. Are they achieving this objective? You should be able to provide a graph of marke t share change over time compared to another firm or the industry. What is the market share change of the firm in relation to market growth? Remember to use ratios, not raw numbers. How well is the corporation performing in terms of market position and marketing mix?You answer this by comparing the 4 P's to a better performing firm. 1. How well does your firm's product offering (product mix) compare to a better performing firm? 2. Is the firm's pricing appropriate? 3. Compare the place (distribution system) of the product offering. 4. Evaluate the promotional efforts of the firm. What is the payoff for the money spend on advertising? Is there a relationship between advertising and market share change? Provide a conclusion to this section. What trends do you see from analysis of their past performance? I suggest using a decision matrix.From your analysis, what are the strengths and weaknesses of this function? C. Operations/Production. This section will be revised for those teams doi ng a service firm. While the basic arguments are the same, the methods will be different. Consult with your instructor before beginning this section if you are doing a service organization. The objective of the operations function is to increase productivity. Are they achieving this objective? This is also the functional area where you can best evaluate whether your firm is following the logic of re-investing in itself (the logic of the managerial enterprise)? 1.In order to achieve improvements in productivity, the firm must be re-investing in itself. What is the trend in capital spending? What is the trend in productivity improvement? 2. In combination with the marketing section, has this firms emphasized product development, or diversification, for growth (the Chandler argument)? No longer required. 3. Operating leverage. How has the mix of people to capital changed over time – are fixed costs rising? What are the trends in costs per unit of labor, inventory control, etc.? 4. Research & Development. What return is the corporation receiving from its R&D investment?Is the firm technologically competent? How well does the firm's investment compare with similar corporations? What is the bang for the buck! Provide a conclusion to this section. I suggest using a decision matrix. From your analysis, what are the strengths and weaknesses of this function? D. Finance The objective of the finance function is to maximize shareholder wealth. Are they achieving this objective? I would prefer total returns to investors over time as the measure here. The data are available. 1. Remember to use at least five years of data for the most important factors. What trends do you see emerging from this analysis?Suggested ratios are contained in the text. 2. How well is the corporation performing compared to competition? 3. Capital Asset Pricing Model. (Class lecture notes) What is the cost of capital for this firm? What impact does this have on competitiveness? What does your analysis tell you about the probability that management will reinvest in the firm? 4. Debt to Equity policy and susceptibility to external forces, such as debt covenants, take-over attempts, etc. As lecture material points out, the capital structure decision is very important to the survival of the firm. Crunching of numbers is not the objective here.You are looking for significant trends that can impact the survivability of the firm. As you find negative trends that could effect other organizational functions, tell your team mates. What have they discovered? This section can not stand on its own, it has to be integrated into the overall paper. Provide a conclusion to this section. I suggest using a decision matrix. From your analysis, what are the strengths and weaknesses of this function? E. Human Resource Management. If applicable – i. e. , are unions involved? If so, you are concerned with the HRM function of the organization. F. Management Information Systems.If applica ble. Is you firm having problems with its MIS system? Readings from articles should give a clue. If no problem is noted, you do not have to include this section. IV. Critical Success Factors. From your industry paper, discuss how your firm is addressing these factors. Most of these factors (2 of 3) will lend themselves to quantitative analysis and comparison. V. Strategic Problem. From your analysis, what is THE strategic problem of this firm. This is only one paragraph and not a laundry list. Clue – your paragraph will begin: Management has failed to ensure the long-term survival of this firm because†¦.. VI.Strategic Alternatives. Provide appropriate strategic alternatives stated as strategies, not as elements of a strategy. Discuss the pro's and con's of each. The current strategy, if appropriate, could be one of the alternatives if the firm simply needs to improve the implementation of that strategy. VII. Recommendation. From your alternatives, what ONE strategy do yo u recommend, and why? This is only one or two paragraphs. VIII. Implementation. This is the section where most teams lose it. Remember that strategy is a pattern of actions and activities. A. Give SPECIFIC recommendations on how you would implement your strategic choice.Provide details addressing each of the four functional areas. B. Show how you are solving the weaknesses and building on the strengths of each functional area. C. What is the core competence of this organization? Can we build a sustainable competitive advantage within this industry? D. Include a basic pro forma for at least 5 years out to see the impact of your changes. Use your best guess on the numbers, indicating your assumptions. E. Conclude the paper with your prognosis for the firm. This is the grade sheet for the firm paper Case Name_________________________ Bibliography:Appendices, graphs, tables: Firm Business Segments: Strategy: Mission: Corporate ownership: Board of Directors: R: Type and Degree of Diversi fication: Capital investment related to performance: Social/Environmental programs: Growth rate of firm: Cost of Capital (CAPM): Take over target: Asset base compared to competitors: Historical financial data: S. W. O. T. : C. S. F. ‘s: Analysis of the functional areas: Management: Marketing: Operations: Finance: ———————– [1] Wheelen, T. L. & Hunger, J. D. 2000. Strategic Management. Upper Saddle River, N. J. U. S. A: Prentice Hall

Zimbabwe essays

Zimbabwe essays Many years ago, groups of hunters organized together and lived in the area now known as Zimbabwe. Over time this group of hunters were slowly taken over by a more powerful group of people called the Shona who spoke on of the many Bantu languages. The Shona moved in to Zimbabwe around the time of Christ. They raised livestock and farmed on land that they used the slash and burn technique to clear. By 1500 A.D. Zimbabwe was ruled by the Shona by kings known as Munhumutapa's. These rulers ruled until about the 17th century when Changamire and Rozwi kingdomes threatened their power. The Rozwi kingdom conquiered the Shoni and ruled Zimbabwe for about 100 years. The kingdom lost all organization and plumited leavind small groups of shoni people to rule Zimbabwe. Later the Ndebele moved in to help establish a better ruling with the Shoni peoples. At first the Shoni and settlers that were just passing through. Even when white settlers came through they had no problem. But when they started setting up astablishments the Shoni relized they were wrong to allow such a thing, but by then it was to late the settlers were already trying to take control of Zimbabwe. The shoni peaoples were no match for the heavily soldiers. In 1894 it was over the white settlers had taken control of Zimbabwe and was taxing the shoni peoples and also using them as slaves. European rule over Zimbabwe expired in 1914 although the British agreed that they should extent the period for another 10 year, so they did for a while till the british government retained the right to extend the ruling so zimbabwe had to vote on whether it shoud be a self-governed country or be added in to south africa as land. Since blacks could not vote the countrie was voted to be self governed in 1923. Zimbabwe was made in to a self-governed country in the British Empire. prior to 1953 zimbabwe was cocidered in three parts, theese ...

Do you think the Homecoming is a realistic play

Do you think the Homecoming is a realistic play? The Homecoming is a play whose emphasis is too much on trying to be realistic thus creating a wholly unrealistic outlook on life. The Homecomings sparse realism evolves from there being no guarantee that a visitor will possess a visitors card detailing all his personal information. The desire for verification is often satisfied in a dramatically conventional play but in The Homecoming it is not. There is no hard distinction between what is real and what is unreal nor between what is true or false. The more acute the experience, the less articulate its expression thus convincing the audience of The Homecoming being a series of individuals caught in the tangled web of life. When Teddy enters the audience knows nothing about him and there are virtually no clues. Neither Teddy nor Ruth brings up their relation with the family until an indirect force causes Teddy to tell Ruth, Thats my fathers chair. However, the lack of clarity makes the play seems unrealistically ambiguous. Throughout the play we are looking for clarification of what we suspect about Mac and Jessie. There is none, just as we are forbidden the comfort of an obvious meaning to the play. He was very fond of your mother, Mac was. Very fond. He always had a good word for her. Mind you, she wasnt such a bad woman. Even though it made me sick just to look at her rotten stinking face, she wasnt such a bad bitch. I gave her the best bleeding years of my life anyway. The pauses, as shown above, emphasise Pinters naturalistic ability to hint something and provoke the audience to recognise the complications of each character, making the language in the play often seem superficial. In this extract the pause is Maxs train of thought. The only way to link the two parts of speech are by realising that Jessie must have done something terrible...

Composition of the Universe

Composition of the Universe The universe is a vast and fascinating place.   When astronomers consider what its made of, they can point most directly to the billions of galaxies it contains. Each of those has millions or billions- or even trillions- of stars. Many of those stars have planets. There are also clouds of gas and dust.   In between the galaxies, where it seems there would be very little stuff, clouds of hot gases exist in some places, while other regions are nearly empty voids. All that is material that can be detected. So, how difficult can it be to look out into the cosmos and estimate, with reasonable accuracy, the amount of luminous mass (the material we can see) in the universe, using  radio, infrared and x-ray astronomy? Detecting Cosmic Stuff Now that astronomers have highly sensitive detectors, they are making great advances in in figuring out the mass of the universe and what makes up that mass. But thats not the problem.  The answers theyre getting dont make sense. Is their method of adding up the mass wrong (not likely) or is there something else out there; something else that they cant see? To understand the difficulties, its important to understand the mass of the universe and how astronomers measure it. Measuring Cosmic Mass One of the greatest pieces of evidence for the mass of the universe is something called the cosmic microwave background (CMB). Its not a physical barrier or anything like that. Instead, its a condition of the early universe that can be measured using microwave detectors. The CMB dates back to shortly after the Big Bang and is actually the background temperature of the universe. Think of it as heat that is detectable throughout the cosmos equally from all directions. Its not exactly like the heat coming off the Sun or radiating from a planet. Instead, its a very low temperature measured at 2.7 degrees K. When astronomers go to measure this temperature, they see small, but important fluctuations spread throughout this background heat. However, the fact that it exists means that the universe is essentially flat. That means it will expand forever. So, what does that flatness mean for figuring out the mass of the universe? Essentially, given the measured size of the universe, it means there has to be enough mass and energy present within it to make it flat.The problem? Well, when astronomers add up all of the normal matter  (such as stars and galaxies, plus the gas in the universe, thats only about 5% of the critical density that a flat universe needs to remain flat. That means that 95 percent of the universe hasnt yet been detected. Its there, but what is it? Where is it? Scientists say that it exists as dark matter and dark energy.   The Composition of the Universe The mass that we can see is called baryonic matter.   It is the planets, galaxies, gas clouds, and clusters. The mass that cant be seen is called dark matter. There is also energy (light) that can be measured; interestingly, theres also the so-called  dark energy. and nobody has a very good idea of what that is.   So, what does make up the universe and in what percentages? Heres a breakdown of the current proportions of mass in the universe. Heavy Elements in the Cosmos First, there are the heavy elements. They make up about ~0.03% of the universe. For nearly half a billion years after the birth of the universe the only elements that existed were hydrogen and helium They arent heavy. However, after stars were born, lived, and died, the universe started getting seeded with elements heavier than hydrogen and helium that were cooked up inside stars. That happens as stars fuse hydrogen (or other elements) in their cores. Stardeath spreads all those elements to space through planetary nebulae or supernova explosions. Once they are scattered to space. they are prime material for building the next generations of stars and planets.   This is a slow process, however. Even nearly 14 billion years after its creation, the only a small fraction of the mass of the universe is made up of elements heavier than helium. Neutrinos Neutrinos are also part of the universe, although only about 0.3 percent of it. These are created during the nuclear fusion process in the cores of stars, neutrinos are nearly massless particles that travel at nearly the speed of light. Coupled with their lack of charge, their tiny masses mean that they do not interact readily with mass except for a direct impact on a nucleus. Measuring neutrinos is not an easy task. But, it has allowed scientists to get good estimates of nuclear fusion rates of our Sun and other stars, as well as an estimate of the total neutrino population in the universe. Stars When stargazers peer out into the night sky most of what the see is stars. They make up about 0.4 percent of the universe. Yet, when people look at the visible light coming from other galaxies even, most of what they see are stars. It seems odd that they make up only a small part of the universe.   Gases So, whats more, abundant than stars and neutrinos? It turns out that, at four percent, gases make up a much bigger part of the cosmos. They usually occupy the space between stars, and for that matter, the space between whole galaxies. Interstellar gas, which is mostly just free elemental hydrogen and helium makes up most of the mass in the universe that can be directly measured. These gases are detected using instruments sensitive to the radio, infrared and x-ray wavelengths. Dark Matter The second-most-abundant stuff of the universe is something that no one has seen otherwise detected. Yet, it makes up about 22 percent of the universe.  Scientists analyzing the motion (rotation) of galaxies, as well as the interaction of galaxies in galaxy clusters, found that all of the gas and dust present is not enough to explain the appearance and motions of galaxies. It turns out that 80 percent of the mass in these galaxies must be dark. That is, its not detectable in any wavelength of light, radio through gamma-ray. Thats why this stuff is called dark matter.   The identity of this mysterious mass? Unknown. The best candidate is cold dark matter, which is theorized to be a particle similar to a neutrino, but with a much greater mass. It is thought that these particles, often known as weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) arose out of thermal interactions in early galaxy formations. However, as yet we have not been able to detection dark matter, directly or indirectly, or create it in a laboratory. Dark Energy The most abundant mass of the universe is not dark matter or stars or galaxies or clouds of gas and dust. Its something called dark energy and it makes up 73 percent of the universe.   In fact, dark energy isnt (likely) even massive at all. Which makes its categorization of mass somewhat confusing.   So, what is it?   Possibly its a very strange property of space-time itself, or maybe even some unexplained (so far) energy field that permeates the entire universe. Or its neither of those things. Nobody knows. Only time and lots and lots more data will tell. Edited and updated by Carolyn Collins Petersen.

Theory of Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Theory of Justice - Essay Example In the ancient period, we have both Plato and Aristotle giving their attention to society not in isolation but always in relation with the question of morality. And this tradition of looking at the interweaving question of morality with queries regarding morality has been the practiced. Thus, great thinkers from then on have injected the question of justice as both political and moral question. Variegated answers have been raised in order to account for it. Some may be correct, others may still be closer to truth (if there is one) or perhaps if one is stationed a an events that denies comprehension and understanding of which then one may come up with nihilistic appropriations. But, nevertheless, what is important is the idea that the coming together of human beings to form a society need be understood before we can come up with a viable solution and hopefully that this answer will be our guide as we address the question "what is justice" It is in this light that this paper is embarked on. And the philosopher that we put under the light of scrutiny is John Rawls' Theory of Justice. Perhaps, one may find one's self-asking the question, if we are going to look into justice why the need to introduced the concept or notion of society. Perhaps, it may not be too much to say that in trying to understand what justice is, it is by far better to look at the larger picture wherein justice can be found - state (Plato, 1955, p 102). But perhaps, the pressing question that ought to be first address is "what is it in people coming together that demands some principles that would enable them to establish a particular society" The question of justice normally arises the moment that people have seen the logic and rightness of living within a particular society. Thus it is often stipulated that since the main basis for entering into a social contract is to be able to lay down ground rules or principles that will allow people to live together in harmony thinkers like John Rawls tried to find or look for the particular principle which all people will adhere to the moment that they become members of the society. And just like some other thinkers, Rawls uphold the idea it is basically the notion or concept of justice that will sanction all human endeavors as people try to live harmoniously with one another. But Rawls' difference with other thinkers is that he laid down a new appreciation of justice but this new notion of justice is more encompassing and comprehensive that it is not only workable in the theoretical level but is technically applicable in the practical application in the public sphere. Thereby, not only presenting theoretical grounds for social cohesion but also addressing and offering possible practical connotations as people embark to live together in harmony within a particular public sphere. John Rawls' theory on justice is grounded on the assumption that intrinsic in human nature is the attribute of rationality. This ideation of how human beings are perceived is basically not something new. Since, the notion that human beings are rational animals has long been accepted as part of one of that common knowledge pertinent in understanding humanity. Supposing that indeed it is rationality that enables human beings to be humans then it is but apt that we try to understand rationality. For, the very

Global plan strategy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Global plan strategy - Research Paper Example Strategizing is always considered to be the most appropriate way for new businesses to go about daily operation, hence the need for this paper. Introduction It is estimated that about 83% of adults in the United States of America take coffee. According to this figure, U.S remains the world major consumer of coffee. According to a New York-based group, 63% of adults consume coffee on a daily basis compared to 65% annually. Daily intake of gourmet-coffee remains stiff with about 31% of the total users as compared to other brands whose intake fell drastically; this is according a New York based research company. Arabica-coffee prices have dropped in New York with a margin of 5.8% recently, while in London, Robusta prices have gained almost 12% (FAO p64). Arabica is mainly found in Latin America and manufactured by giant companies such as Starbucks and McDonald. Robusta Beans, majorly used in instant coffee are widely cultivated in Asia and some parts of Africa. Brazil has posed to be th e second largest consumer after U.S.A, trailed by Germany as per the International Coffee Organization which is based in London. These are some of facts and figures that lured Dorato partners to initiate the business. With these challenging financial periods, it is appropriate for the company to strategize to avoid flopping in the event of their operations. Firm Analysis Company overview: Dorato was founded in the year 2012 after top investors who are the main financers agreed to partner in order to come up with the coffee business. Dorato is meant to provide coffee beverages in and outside U.S. The firm has received it funds through major donations from friends, at the same time the partners have used their assets to acquire loans from various financial institutions in the United States. Management philosophy: Quality in products and services to customers and staff members is Dorato’s top priority. Dorato believes that increased quality production and services gained from th e staff members is expedited by a conducive working environment. An environment that appreciates good work performance, flexible, prize fairness encourages free communication and respecting the views of individuals. This optimizes Dorato staff’s performance and health. Self-esteem to attain excellence maximizes especially when the staff members are handled with trust, decency and respect. Quality in Performance: - Dorato has an interest for tracking its mission to improve coffee selling as a business and profession and as a way of promoting farming, uptake of coffee, good business practices and culture. This passion is shown by workers’ perseverance, patience and dedication to advancing coffee uptake. Dorato managers are always available to provide assistance to staff; this is achieved by setting achievable goals, schedules and timetables for its goods and services and inspires staff members to be responsible as a result of its products and services integrity. Excellen t Customer Services: - Dorato strongly believes in its customers and value of relationships, both internally and externally. To satisfy customers, Dorato management

Design principles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5500 words

Design principles - Essay Example The establishment of perception of Practical systems was also a task the learning of which was an enormous milestone that we achieved in this course. I thank my instructor and friends for their guidance and for the knowledge that I gained during this course that, of course, immensely assisted me in the formulation of this final report to the project. In the end I also thank the Anglia Ruskin University for providing me with a platform for learning and implementation of the required skills. PROJECT INITIATION DOCUMENTS The purpose of the new system The reasons why the current information system was required to be prepared can be narrated as follows: The problems faced by the management and other personnel at educational institute regarding the institute’s transport facility were numerous. The basic problem lay in the fact that no computerized record of the personnel availing the institute’s transport system existed. Whenever any transport related decision was required to be made at runtime it was solely dependent on human skills. Very few records relating to the passengers were stored in different files. The entire system being manual was very difficult to maintain. Performance wise this system was very poor and would take very long time in providing the results. Anyone who wanted to have information about any transport management related issue would have to go through many files before getting the desired information. Though this system was very cheap economically but the time factor and lack in efficiency was over shadowing its advantages. This situation became the root cause of all the problems eventually resulting in the arousal of a dire need to construct an efficient system that would cater to the vehicle management related issues. This was absolutely necessary as due to the lack of such a proposed system it was absolutely impossible to make complicated management related decisions at runtime especially when new students were enrolled into th e institute and each one of them wanted to start availing the transport facility right away. For the proposed vehicle management system to function efficiently it was absolutely necessary to maintain a constantly updated database at its backend that enabled interaction of users with it via a user friendly interface. Objectives of the new system The objectives of the system were thus the making of an information system that would be linked to the student record database. It would separately store the students that would be opting for the vehicle management system that is run under the supervision of the educational institute itself. The objective it would thus achieve would be as follows: The computerized record keeping of all students/ staff availing the transport facility. The allotment of vehicle number to each student with respect to the desired pick up point and drop off point specified by him. The computerized collection of monthly fee. The assigning of specific routes to vehic les. The assigning of specific routes and vehicles to drivers. The registration and record keeping of vehicles running in the system. The record of revenue being used in maintenance of the vehicles and for fuel consumption. Stakeholders The stakeholders of the system include: Students and staff members availing the facility of transport provided by the educational i

Product development Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Product development - Assignment Example development of new products has increased a lot and also the products are developed at a good speed with high performance and also to get cost advantage. This process has become more stringent and also the companies have looked to focus a lot on this side. The companies need to have a good co-ordination, need to improve well and also reconfigure the whole capabilities of the company. Though for the company it is very important that all the departments do perform well and in efficient way. The suppliers do also affect a lot in the way the company introduces a new product in the market. The Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) are one of the major players who decide and give the idea about the new product that can be developed by the company for attracting more number of customers. For any particular company which does produces goods the suppliers and the Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) do play a vital role. The company does depend a lot on its 1st tier and 2nd tier suppliers for the materials so that they can look forward towards developing a new concept and a new product. There are basically 7 steps involved in the new product development process (Barclay, Dann and Holroyd, 2010, pp. 34-37). The steps are been shown in the diagrammatic form in the below diagram. In this process the strategy is been developed which is related to the development of the new product in the company which should be in line with the objectives that are been followed by the company and also must help the company to achieve its goals. In this step the return on investment with regard to the new product that is going to be developed is been determined and estimated which gives a clear indication of how the new product can be beneficial for the company. In this step the new product is been commercialized and launched in the market for the customers to get more market share and also to get competitive advantage over the competitors (Fuller, 2011, pp. 45-49). The involvement

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Art Gallery - Essay Example I was particularly impressed by his sculptures His sculptures are fascinating as they are made either from exotic wood or an assortment or stone pieces. The use of oxidized paint gives it a metallic copper finish as though the sculpture was done by an tribe in Africa or it came from an ancient people from an Aztec pyramid. The carving is done in such a way that the viewer sees what he want. There is a combination of modern with ancient. The chosen piece "Shrine" was displayed as a major piece in a the corner of one of the rooms. The lighting was excellent so as to show the effect of the oxidized finish. combines modern with ancient. I have to note that I did not mark the year it was done and I could not find it on internet. The cross on the top of the piece show his technique as a modern graphic designer. It is pretty and really gives no other indication until you start to think of the symbolism of the piece. As you take your eyes and start looking down you see the cross as a means of joining two pieces of wood or two people. It is quite common in both African and local culture in Latin American culture to have two people joined together in wood in the form of a statue. His technique is modern as the viewer needs to look awhile as to see the purpose of the Shrine. It is a shrine to the couple. It is a shrine to man and woman. There is no differentiation to the man and the woman. This is also another modern technique. Is the cross a protection of God? This is just an idea. The use of oxidization shows that the unification of man and wife is an ancient custom and will continue to last. This piece can be interpreted as just a piece of wood with a pretty form. In any other context it would have been interesting to take different statutes from different cultures to compare the same subject, then the viewer would have seen the meaning given to the Shrine. I chose this piece because it took work to figure out

Product development Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Product development - Assignment Example development of new products has increased a lot and also the products are developed at a good speed with high performance and also to get cost advantage. This process has become more stringent and also the companies have looked to focus a lot on this side. The companies need to have a good co-ordination, need to improve well and also reconfigure the whole capabilities of the company. Though for the company it is very important that all the departments do perform well and in efficient way. The suppliers do also affect a lot in the way the company introduces a new product in the market. The Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) are one of the major players who decide and give the idea about the new product that can be developed by the company for attracting more number of customers. For any particular company which does produces goods the suppliers and the Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) do play a vital role. The company does depend a lot on its 1st tier and 2nd tier suppliers for the materials so that they can look forward towards developing a new concept and a new product. There are basically 7 steps involved in the new product development process (Barclay, Dann and Holroyd, 2010, pp. 34-37). The steps are been shown in the diagrammatic form in the below diagram. In this process the strategy is been developed which is related to the development of the new product in the company which should be in line with the objectives that are been followed by the company and also must help the company to achieve its goals. In this step the return on investment with regard to the new product that is going to be developed is been determined and estimated which gives a clear indication of how the new product can be beneficial for the company. In this step the new product is been commercialized and launched in the market for the customers to get more market share and also to get competitive advantage over the competitors (Fuller, 2011, pp. 45-49). The involvement

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Why Marriage Matters Essay Example for Free

Why Marriage Matters Essay Marriage matters. If marriage did not matter, would it even be considered when growing up? Today, I feel that the word â€Å"marriage† is often misunderstood, and that’s why I am intrigued by any research that has been done on this topic. Like most, I believed that the divorce rate was skyrocketing. However, as I was going through my Marriage and Family book, I quickly began to realize that marriage has survived through it all due to its importance. According to the report I chose, â€Å"Why Marriage Matters,† in the later half of the twentieth century, divorce posed the biggest threat to marriage and was the event most likely to undercut the quality and stability of children’s family lives in the United States. Since, then divorce rates have come down and children who are now born to married couples are actually more likely to grow up with both of their parents than were children born at the height of the divorce revolution. Today, cohabitation has emerged as a powerful alternative to and competitor with marriage but also has become an unrecognized threat to the quality and stability of children’s family lives. Today’s children are also more likely to spend time in a cohabiting household than they are to see their parents’ divorce. About a fourth of children are born to cohabiting couples than to single mothers. This report focuses on the impact that cohabitation is having on marriage, family life, and the welfare of children. Children and health are two of the most important aspects of life. According to research, the structure of a family is the most important thing when considering the health of your child. Children in cohabiting households do significantly worse than children than children in intact, married families and about as poorly as children living in single-parent homes. Also, children in cohabiting homes are more likely to be physically, sexually, and emotionally abused according to recent federal data. American life is becoming increasingly unstable for children. Multiple transitions are especially linked to higher reports of school failure, behavioral problems, and drug use among many other problems. It is not just the structure of a family that matters it is the stability as well. One of the biggest reasons that children’s lives are increasingly turbulent is that cohabitation households are much more fragile than married families. â€Å"Complex households,† where parents have children with more than one partner, have shown that the children whom come from these relationships will have poor relationships with their parents and can sometimes lead to health and behavioral problems. When it comes to a child’s wellbeing, research suggests that family structure is a better predictor of children’s psychological and social welfare.

Effect of Work Motivation on Job Satisfaction

Effect of Work Motivation on Job Satisfaction This study attempts to develop the effect of work motivation on job satisfaction on two big mobile telecom organizations zong and ufone. The questionnaire was developed to measure the correlation of work motivation and job satisfaction. Total number of observations was sixty and the mean for JS and WK was 3.53 and 3.99 respectively. ANOVA result was 0.042 that was not a significant level for the model that was selected. It can be concluded that, there must be some other variables that are intervening in our model and making contribution at a significant level. Thus the model has not attained the favorable level of significant and could not be used for further research. As p-value was less then .05 so it can be said that the variables chosen for the study was not highly significant. Researcher also found that overall the employees were quiet satisfied with their jobs and have their interest in their job. More than average employees were motivated to work for the organization. Some of employees think that they are not on their actual path and often feel over worked. There are many studies on job satisfaction, and work motivation around the globe but there is scarcity of this work in the local environment. Many researchers are agreed on the influences that job satisfaction is dependent on the work motivation. In past papers, researchers defined each variable and to some extent about the relationship between, work motivation, and job satisfaction. While putting a glance on the organizations around us, we can find that the main challenge for the companies is to enhance the employee performance by implementing different strategies. These strategies include compensation to employees, motivation, rewards and bonuses or team empowerment. Job satisfaction makes the employees more attentive and concerned for the organization. The private organizations also take necessary actions to improve the employees performance with the passage of time therefore the human resource management departments in organizations play a vital role to drive the organization in a certain way. If an organization have a good HRM system, therefore its possible to produce more loyalty, commitment, and motivation to spend additional effort for the organizations objectives (Pfeffer, J, 1994). Considering all the points, job satisfaction will be achieved, when the employee will be motivated to do work, and there are certain factors which influence on work motivation such as efficiency, productivity, absenteeism, turnover rates, and intention to quit (Baron, 1986; Maghradi, 1999). Motivation could be described as a driving force that makes people willingly want to put in their best in what they do. The concept of motivation is that there is no need to force or threaten people to work harder, as any such force or threat is likely to be ineffective in the long run. Rather, it is better that people should be motivated as it is believed that the driving force which results from motivation will compel people to put in their best out of willingness and not out of force or threat. Motivation is believed to lead to an increase in employees work performance. That in turn leads to an increase in overall organizational productivity levels. Furthermore, motivation is said to improve employee job satisfaction. Rationale for the study The rationale for this study was the basic psychology of the human mind about job satisfaction that a person motivated to do a task or a job will be having more satisfaction from that task or work. Secondly, the query to solve that what makes an employee a satisfied employee in an organization. The more the satisfied employees, the higher would be the organizational performance. Problem statement Researchers have analyzed that there are many factors that can effect the job satisfaction of the employees; work motivation is one of the factors. Our study will cover the impact of motivation on the job satisfaction. Objectives of research study The main purpose of this study is to identify the relationship among the work motivation and job satisfaction. The classification of objectives will be as under: Determine the level of motivation of employees. Determine the level of job satisfaction of employees. Analyze the effect of work motivation on job satisfaction. Significance of Study The research is based on the human resource management practice that is motivation. It is a deliberated fact that in our country, very few researchers are working in this area, so we have chooses this area for our research that would be helpful for further research and exploration of new ideas in this field. It will also provide an insight into the fact that how job satisfaction can be enhances within the organizations. In developing countries like Pakistan, it is required to work on such areas that can be developed to increase the productivity of employees and thus of the organizations as well. Delimitations The study will be delimited to telecommunication service organizations in Islamabad. Review of Literature Job Satisfaction Job satisfaction has remained a remarkable area of discussion in the field of management, psychology and especially in organizational behavior and human resource management, for a long period. Many economists have paid attention and inclination towards this subject in recent years (Kosteas, 2009). According to Ramayah, Jantan, and Tadisina (2001), Job satisfaction explains how employees are buoyant to come to work and how they get enforced to perform their jobs. What are the things who make happy an employee on doing work and not to leave the job? Other researchers narrate job satisfaction as being the outcome of the workers appraisal of extent to which the work environment fulfillment the individuals needs (Dawis Lofquist 1984). According to Locke (1969), job satisfaction is a state of emotional gladness, results from the achievement of the goals that one get through performing his part of contribution inside an organization. Rao (2005) in his study discussed that satisfaction at the job for a person acts as a motivation to work. It is not the self satisfaction, happiness or self-contentment but the satisfaction of the job. It is the combination of psychological environmental circumstances that affect the person for his satisfaction with the job (Khan 2006). Thus Aswathappa (2003) discussed about the determinants of job satisfaction as it said that the wage payment and monetary rewards are the two determinants. Different organizations employ different wage system and other rewards. The organizations pay wages and salaries along with incentives, perquisites, and non-monetary benefits. Velnampy (2008), in his study on job attitude and employees performance concluded that job satisfaction contains positive influence on the performance of the employees as it enhances job involvement and the higher performance also makes people feel more satisfied and committed to the organization. The satisfaction and performance of the employee works in a cycle and are interdependent. Job satisfaction and involvement of the employee leads him to have high levels of performance. Shahu Gole (2008), in his empirical study of effect of Job satisfaction on Performance, they concluded that the job satisfaction factor is not been taken under consideration by the companies and companies need to develop plans so that their employees can show superior performance. Performance level lowers with lower level satisfaction scores. There should be some awareness programs, pertaining to the stress satisfaction level in the industries. It will help organizations to understand the benefits of stress knowledge in relation to satisfaction and goal achievement in the industry. Shah Shah (2008), in his study of job satisfaction and fatigue variables found the negative relationship between the fatigue and satisfaction from the job. The fatigue has found as negative predictor of Job Satisfaction. The study clearly indicates the different issues for Call Centre employees in the context of Indian economy in which the researcher said that there are various factors leading to dissatisfaction that are on the job and off the job. Its also been discussed in the study that if fatigue get minimized, job satisfaction can be improved by various innovative and encouraging strategies. Work Motivation Luthans (1998) asserts that motivation is the process that arouses, energizes, directs, and sustains behavior and performance. That is, it is the process of stimulating people to action and to achieve a desired task. One way of stimulating people is to employ effective motivation, which makes workers more satisfied with and committed to their jobs. Intrinsic motivation, however, can be defined as the motivation to perform an activity for it, in order to experience the pleasure and satisfaction inherent in the activity (Deci, Connell, Ryan, 1989). According to cognitive evaluation theory and self-determination theory (Gagne Deci, 2005), rewards that are interpreted as information about ones competence and satisfy individuals need for autonomy, will enhance intrinsic motivation. Simon (1997, p.276) argued in his research work, why does the motivation required? The fundamental challenge of all companies is to encourage their employees to work for the organizational goals, whereas Pfeffer (1998) has argued in his research that in the long run, the success can be achieved by those companies that use to manage their employees; creating significant work and having satisfied employees, taking both side by side is the way to organizational effectiveness. Frey (1997) showed that extrinsic rewards, like monetary benefits may interact negatively with the intrinsic work motivation. It has just seen that there is crucially dependence of intrinsic motivation on the extrinsic incentives. Wright and Pandey (2005) described in their work that emotional attachment and loyalty is one of the most important factors of employee motivation that binds the employee to stick to the organization, many other benefits associated with the organization are also part of motivation. Allen Meyer (1990) have tried to answer the question that is; how an organization can analyze that whether it is keeping its employees happy, motivated and loyal to the organization? There is no pet answer as the work motivation is a counter effect of many factors linked to employees; how they interact with organization and what views they have about the organization. Work motivation can be evaluated by the degree of feeling attachment, obligations, and rewards in working in organization. Horwitz et al (2003) predicted that employees get high motivation through challenging work environment and support of the top management. If the employees are competitive and want to do work with full efficiency as it will utilize all their capabilities, then challenging work is the best motivator. Many of the employees like to make relationships and thus need to contact more and more to the higher authorities, so making more regular contacts make them feel that they are been observed and work with more motivation. Locke and Latham (2004, p.388) defined the work motivation as outcome of both internal and external factors that force the employee to work more excitedly. Bacon et al (1996), Deshpande and Golhar (1994), and Julien (1998) have stressed upon the fact that employees have the key position in maintaining a competitive edge over the competitive market by a business. Relation between Work Motivation and Job Satisfaction Gupta Joshi (2008) discussed about the relationship between the Job satisfaction and motivation for the employees. Productivity in the work of an employee is outcome of satisfaction and productivity can be taken as indicator of satisfaction. Employees have to spend most of their time at workplace and need satisfaction at that place. Herzberg et al.s (1959) has described a relationship between two variables as Job Satisfaction is the result of two kinds of factors, intrinsic and extrinsic factor; intrinsic factors appraised the job satisfaction and extrinsic factors cause dissatisfaction and reduce the level of job satisfaction. The extrinsic factors were also called as hygiene factors. According to Herzberg, the hygiene factors results in the form of dissatisfaction and these were external or environmental features e.g. company policy and administration, supervision, work conditions, salary and benefits. The intrinsic factors are also called satisfiers and motivators, included creative or challenging work, responsibility and advancement opportunities. Kovach (1987) also tried to identify the relationship; the need to provide the basic necessities of life motivates most people which in return make the employees satisfied from their jobs. Whereas Brown (1996) examines that when an organization is having some satisfied or delighted employees, it is likely to have satisfied or delighted customers. Brown said the employee satisfied and delightedness as a prerequisite of customer satisfaction. Thus Wagar (1998) explained that in the global market, one can be successful when it has highly motivated, skilled, and satisfied workforce that can produce quality goods at low costs. Hypothesis This study was conducted to test the following hypothesis: H1: Employee Work Motivation has direct positive effect on Job Satisfaction Research Methodology Keeping in mind what researchers have discussed in their work with relation to the effect of work motivation on job satisfaction of employee, this paper is been designed and the research is been conducted to have a clear view of the relationship. In this paper, job satisfaction is been analyzed through the change in work motivation. A questionnaire was designed to collect the required data for motivation and satisfaction. Data will be analysed using descriptive statistics including mean, median and standard deviation. Regression Analysis will be carried out to study the effect of work motivation on job satisfaction of employees. Population The population of the study will be mobile telecom organizations and their employees in Islamabad. There are five mobile telecom companies that are providing services of telecommunication to their customers. Sample and Response Rate The sample for this study was drawn from two organizations in the telecom sector. The sample will include 30 employees; thirty questionnaires will be distributed in both the organizations. Description of the Instrumentation Questionnaire to find the response of employees regarding Work Motivation and Job Satisfaction Work Motivation the Independent Variable Job Satisfaction the Dependent Variable Case Employees Construction A modified questionnaire tagged Work Motivation, and Job Satisfaction Scale (WMJSS) was used for the collection of data on the study. The questionnaire was specifically designed to accomplish the objectives of the study. The first section collected information such as age, sex, qualification and, professional status. The second section contained the items, and was divided into two parts. Part1. This measures job satisfaction, which included 7 questions. The item was adopted from Job satisfaction, Cook et al. (1981). Part2. This measures work motivation, which included 8 questions. The item was adopted from http://jinnahprojects.com, time: 3.26am and date: 19th dec, 2009. Both parts using a Likert scale ranging from Strongly Agree= SA; Agree = A; Somewhat agree = SWD; Somewhat Disagree = SWD; and Strongly Disagree = SD. Pilot Testing We have distributed our questionnaire to five employees of Zong and get the response from them. We have modified the questionnaire accordingly and consulted other people for assistance. Finalization After getting feedback and the amendments in the questionnaire, we consulted a senior teacher and got his satisfactory remarks about that. Thus the questionnaire is valid and reliable. Theoretical Model Job Satisfaction Work Motivation Independent Variable Dependent Variable Data Collection Convenient sampling was used to get data and two departments in Zong and two departments of Ufone were visited. In Zong, IT department and customer relationship department were been under observation and in Ufone, marketing and customer relation department. Sample of thirty was been distributed and got feedback from both the organization. Also verbal conversations were made to have conformity of the data collected. All the data collected is been edited by the researchers. There was very high response rate as it was a convenient sampling and getting feedback was quiet different from other sampling methods. Data Analysis The following statistical tools were implemented to get the findings: SPSS Inc 17.0 MS-Excel 2003 The following measures have been used to identify the relationship: Means and Standard Deviations will be calculated, that will provide us a broader view of the data, how much people are satisfied and up to what extend the psychology of employees differ in a work environment. Regression Analysis will be carried out to determine the effect of independent variables on dependent variables. Research findings Data Representation The frequency table of job satisfaction and work motivation is showing the scattered data in a group form. The standard deviations are showing the diversity of data which is indicating that there is a variety of opinions between the employees. Analysis of variance shows that how much the model is valid and what is the significance of the model. In this research work, significance level is 0.042 that is not a significant level for the model that was selected. It can be concluded that there must be some other variables that are intervening in our model and making contribution at a significant level. Thus the model has not attained the favorable level of significant and could not be used for further research. The p-value shows the significance of variable. As p-value is less then .05 so it can be said that the variables chosen for the study are not highly significant. These results are outcome of the wrong model selected. This study has made us know that there should be a check for the variables that one use in a model. The value of R square is too low that can be used for the relationship analysis of the variables. The value of beta is showing the positive relationship between the dependent and independent variables but not a strong relationship. If there is some relation, that would be positive direct relation. The table shows the correlation between job satisfaction and work motivation Findings Overall the employees are quiet satisfied with their jobs and have their interest in their job. More than average employees are motivated to work for the organization. Some of employees think that they are not on their actual path. Many employees think that the organization hasnt fulfilled their promises, what they do in beginning especially regarding Promotion. There is positive relationship between the motivation and job satisfaction. Employees often feel overworked. Conclusions and Discussion Suggestions To increase the job satisfaction level of the employees the company should concentrate mainly on the incentive and reward structure rather than the motivational session. Ideal employees should concentrate on their job. Educational qualification can be the factor of not an effective job. Company should give promotion to those employees who deserve it. For the researchers who want to do research on such variables, must see the validity of the model and intervening variables that may affect the relationship strongly. Limitations of Study However data is collected with full level of our efforts, yet there remain some flaws in our study. While doing research, many problems are there to be faced by the researcher. The prime difficulties which are been faced in collection of data in this study are discussed below: Short time period: The time period for carrying out the research was short as a result of which many facts have been left unexplored. Lack of resources: Lack of time and other resources as it was not possible to conduct survey at large level. Small no. of respondents: Only sixty employees have been chosen that was a small number, to represent whole of the population. Unwillingness of respondents: While collection of the data many consumers were unwilling to fill the questionnaire due to lack of time. Respondents were having a feeling of wastage of time for them. Small area for research: The area for study was limited to specific organizations that are quite a small area to judge job satisfaction level.